| NATIONAL PARKS QUICKLINKS |
Backpacker Magazine – November 2008
From navigation to staying dry to predicting the weather, our primer will have you dialed.
Hiking | Packing & Planning | Camping | Gear | First Aid & Health | Cooking
Navigate Off-Trail | Stay Dry in a Downpour | Descend Safely | Beat Fatigue on Steep Climbs | Read a Rattlesnake's Body Language | Predict Weather With an Altimeter | Identify a Mountain Lion Track | 5 Ways to Navigate Without a Compass | 4 Ways to Prevent Blisters | Lace Your Boots for Maximum Comfort | Take a Perfect Summit Photo | Two-Second Tips
NAVIGATE OFF-TRAIL
Step 1: Adjust for declination
Declination is simply the difference between magnetic north (where the compass needle points) and true north (the North Pole, and the direction maps are oriented). To navigate accurately, just check the margin of your map for the declination (12 degrees east, for instance) and adjust your compass accordingly (most have a simple dial). No dial? No problem. If the declination is east, subtract the degrees from the magnetic north bearing to get the true bearing; if it's west, add the degrees (easy mnemonic device: East is least, west is best).
Step 2: Orient your map
Lay the straight edge of your compass on the map so that its true north bearing is parallel to the map's true north grid lines. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points due north.
Step 3: Take a bearing
Let's say your destination is a spectacular lakeside campsite two miles off the beaten path. You can see it on your map–but not from the trail. To get there, lay the straight edge of your compass base plate on the map so it connects your present location with the lake. Turn the compass housing until its meridian lines match the north-south lines on the map (make sure the arrow is pointing to the top of the map, or you'll be 180 degrees off). The direction indicated at the compass's direction of travel arrow is the route you need to take to reach the lake.
Step 4: Navigate around obstacles
In the real world, obstacles like canyons and cliffs can get in the way of your straight line bearing. Here's how to go around without getting off track: With your compass in hand, sight an object–like a tree or boulder–that is beyond the obstacle and lies on the straight line to your destination. Hike to that object by the easiest route, then resume traveling along your original bearing.

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I usually carry both a map and compass and a gps on long trips. That said Ive hiked all my life on day trips with nothing but knowledge of the areas and dead reckoning. yes I know the jokes about why the word dead is in dead reckoning. in forty eight years I have only been "lost" once. That was in a white out. I had the map and compass but we left a known area before taking any bearings ( the snow had not closed in yet.) Once the white out hit and not being in a known location the map and compass were almost useless. When we did pull out the map ( my companions insisted) we were actually 150 yds from our car. After consulting the map and plotting a bearing we skied two miles and 1000 vertical feet down away from the car. We did finally reach a known location and made it out. The next day I bought a GPS. I still regard them as back up devices to knowledge and intuition. Mankind has navigated far longer without these aids then with them.
Most sure fire way to find your way, drop the compass, become intimately familiar with terrain features and reading terrain features on a map, and move along smartly.
I enjoy the challenge of navigating by map and compass and believe it is a good skill to have, but it is not foolproof, even for someone who is competent. The requirement to do a 'resection', (aka find current location on a map), involves observing two land features, and then being able to correctly identify them on the map. That is often easier said than done, especially if a person is already lost. I always take a GPS unit with me as a backup safety precaution.
READ A RATTLESNAKE'S BODY LANGUAGE.. why would anyone need to know this? i deal with rattlers a lot. it dont matter if the snake is hunting or sun bathing. if u step on it, it will bight. it dont matter what mood the snake is in, if your in rang of a bight, move slowly away. it will still bight you happy or not and in the end it seems simple to me. eat the snake or just leave it alone. the best thing u can do in rattle snake country is ask the locals if they have became used to humans or not. rucky chuck, nor cal. perfect place to get rattle snakes to eat but the snakes here are familiar with humans, they will slither right across your foot and wont rattle but even with that said they will bight u the second u move. easy place to get to but very bad place for children.
Yes, navigation skills in general are fading. But also I think reliance on technology even as simple as a compass passes up other tools and techniques largely unused by modern hikers. All my life, I've rarely a compass, and almost never even carry one EVER. Against the advice of the so called experts, I generally rely exclusively on the sky and terrain (sometimes with a map) for navigation. Just as ancient sea goers, and literally every body before the development of the compass, I use only the sky. The moon, the sun, the stars even the wind and time of day can help you determine directions quite accurately if you know how to use them. I think everyone should know how to navigate using the sky. It’s a very ancient, highly developed and reliable method. also few tools are ever needed… I use only my wrist watch to pin down degrees and tend to be just as accurate as my hiking mates with their fancy compasses and GPS units… though cloudy days can mess with you sometimes, a clear day and night is optimal.
Dont hold the compass in your left hand if your wearing a wedding band.
I never trust the compass reading that the other scout dad gives me. He keeps forgetting that his hydration pack valve has a magnetic clip on it. He hasn't given me the correct reading on the first or secont try in over a year! LOL
With the advent of cell phones, gps, plb's and other electronic toys map and compass skills are deteriorating or may never even be learned. I learned how to use compasses decades ago using an editon of "Be an Expert with Map and Compass" which is still in print, and then had those skills refined in the US Army and two different forestry colleges. Military people and foresters are the kind of folks who spend lots of time nnavigating around the outdoors and their lives depend on their map and compass skills. Hanging out with people who do orienteering or geocaching is also a good way to pick up these skills. I feel that topo map and compass knowledge are two of the most critical and important skills for anyone who ventures outdoors. I even carry two compasses with me, in case one gets lost or broken. You don't need expensive ones; I have always had fairly good use with Silvas that cost under $20.
Drop the compass and get a good topo map. Land Navigation by Terrain Association. Find a promanant land feature and direct yourself off of that.
Heck with the pantyhose! Men's dress sock under smartwool socks. 25 miles a day for 4 days with that and only one hot spot. USMC!
The areas that truly require GPS are those where a compass just won't work, like a lava bed (lava is often magnetic). I live in New Mexico, and often travel in the Grants Malpais lava bed.
As many have mentioned in Backpacker, the best place to use a GPS is in an area where you can see most of the sky, so your GPS can find several GPS satellites and give you a good location.
The areas that truly require GPS are those where a compass just won't work, like a lava bed (lava is often magnetic). I live in New Mexico, and often travel in the Grants Malpais lava bed.
As many have mentioned in Backpacker, the best place to use a GPS is in an area where you can see most of the sky, so your GPS can find several GPS satellites and give you a good location.
dont forget the following mnemonics:
Timid (true) Can (compass)
Virgins (variation) Dead (declination)
Make (magnetic) Men (magnetic)
Dull (declination) Vote (variation)
Companions (compass) Twice (true)
Add Whiskey (west) add Elections (East)
works even if you are not politically correct (Note: variation is error inherent to the measuring device).
I calculate how long I travel Adam West (or as I call it: True West) then I subtract 4 from the original number. If I reach Kanye West, I know I've gone to far off course and I usually turn around.
I agree with WayneB. The moment you start to wonder in the direction you FEEL is right is the moment you get yourself even more lost. If you don't know for sure which way to go then don't move! It's good to be in-tune with nature Donald, but you can't always trust your head.
I don't like the "East is Least, West is Best" type navigation memory aids because I find that confusing. Here is how I remember things:
East declination = + (positive)
West declination = - (negative)
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing + ( one of the above declinations, positive East or negative West)
TB = MB plus ( declination, E is pos, W is neg )
Magnetic Bearing = True Bearing - (pos East or neg West declination)
MB = TB - ( declination, E is pos, W is neg)
These are easier for me.
A penciled in line of travelis also useful as you hike around obstacles
Declination Best set uisng the notation on Topographic maps for the area vs. standard bar chart for the world
Sometime ago I sent a comment to someone at Backpacker regarding your solution for using Declination. It seemed almost impossible to find the right contact.
Your declination solution was wrong in the magazine and is still incorrect on this website. However your marketing department is able to flood my inbox with Backpacker Ads.
& now the real solution. You should tell your readers the entire rhyme & then they will be able to solve their declination equation
Declination Least = Magnetic Track is Least
Declination West = Magnetic Track is Best
Darrel
Sometime ago I sent a comment to someone at Backpacker regarding your solution for using Declination. It seemed almost impossible to find the right contact.
Your declination solution was wrong in the magazine and is still incorrect on this website. However your marketing department is able to flood my inbox with Backpacker Ads.
& now the real solution. You should tell your readers the entire rhyme & then they will be able to solve their declination equation
Declination Least = Magnetic Track is Least
Declination West = Magnetic Track is Best
Darrel
Sometime ago I sent a comment to someone at Backpacker regarding your solution for using Declination. It seemed almost impossible to find the right contact.
Your declination solution was wrong in the magazine and is still incorrect on this website. However your marketing department is able to flood my inbox with Backpacker Ads.
& now the real solution. You should tell your readers the entire rhyme & then they will be able to solve their declination equation
Declination Least = Magnetic Track is Least
Declination West = Magnetic Track is Best
Darrel
GPS is like bringing a TV camping. To many people starting to depend on them. Not Good.
the rage this year in gloves and mittens is to put magnet's in the gloves - mittens to hold flaps on the gloves back. if you take a compass reading wearing any of these gloves-mittens. it could create a huge error. better check gloves etc.
the velcro worked fine. i can't understand this. maybe good magnet sells man
Another way to get around an object and keep your bearings is to turn at a 90 degree angle to your route, count your steps till you can clear the barrier then count the same number of steps back to put you back on your original route.
DonaldJ. "trust your mind"? Really? Probably thousands of people have died using that same mind set. I spent over 20 years in the Army and we were taught to always trust our equipment. Your compass don't care if it's dark or light, cold or wet or 115 degrees. Just take precautions when using it. Count your blessings son. You were very lucky that time.
Thanks D!
Yes: East is Least and West is Best, but you need to add or subtract from True to get Magnetic, not the other way around...
The most important item in navigating, is to trust your mind...
One time I was on a hunting trip, with a rifle, but not intending to harm anything... I was just playing "hunter".. and the gun was there in case a hungry bear or cougar took a bead on me... I took a compass reading at the car, then wandered off into the woods, that way.. crossing two creeks, knowing it's very bad to cross two creeks, and deeper and deeper into the wild.. till there were no bearings.. just dense forest and the same weeds everywhere... The sun heated up the snow, and it became slush.. and I was soaked... I sat on a huge rock, in the sun to warm up... A wild mink slithered through the grass, looking like it was swimming... It paused ten feet from me, stood and two, and did a lightning quick wave of its right paw.. so fast that it wasn't obvious... Its paw went up, then it was done before I could see movement... I did a lightning quick wave.. and it approached, and placed its paws on my boot.. and made soft sounds... She stared deep into my eyes, and I went momentarily unconscious... When I woke, she was fifty feet away from me, slithering through the grass...
I warmed up, and decided it was time to take a reading to the car.. is when the rifle strap slipped to my elbow, and the compass needle did a 180...
There I stood, wondering which arm the rifle was hanging from when I took the reading at the car...
Was the rifle on the left..? Was the rifle on my right..? Was it at my back..? Was it beside me..? Each position gave a different compass reading... Oops! I is in big doodoo, thinks I...
I set all m y equipment down on a rock.. and stepped twenty feet from the gun.. and took a reading.. but it didn't feel right... I figure if it don't feel right, when you're in the bush, Don't do it...
I closed my eyes, and held out my hand open like it had an eye in the palm, facing outward... I slowly moved my hand around as I paced in a 360 circle... When it felt like my hand was pointing at the car, I took that compass reading, and came out of the forest right beside the car...
Trust yourself... Trust your feelings... Be like the animals...
Always take your start compass reading away from any ferrous metal... Then load up... And take the reading again.. and write it down, with a tiny sketch... Look into the sky... Where is the sun..? What does it smell like where you are..?
What time is it..? What color is the dirt there..? What types of vegetation are there..?
Ideally you would have a remote horn beeper car-starter...
Trust your mind...
Great series of tips. Love the navigation ideas, when I drop my GPS and have to use the old compass. I see lots of tracks hiking here in greater Pinon Hills (CA 92372) AREA, and some rattlesnakes. I haven't been bit or attacked for 40+ years now. Looks like I'll make it another 40 or so.
Put out more of these articles, they are very useful. Thank you.
Another great way to prevent blisters it to wear pantyhose under your socks. I know a bit femanine but works wonders!
One way I remember this track is by the heel pad marking. Notice how the Mt Lion pad forms an "M" with the 2 points on the leading edge of the pad and the 3 points on the read edge, thus creating an "M" for "Mountain" as in Mt. Lion, as in I hope that cat has already had lunch.
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